New data of typomorphic features of diamonds from placers in North Timan     

G. K. Khachatryan  M. B. Kopchikov  V. K. Garanin  M. V. Chukichev  N. N. Golovin 《Moscow University Geology Bulletin》2009,64(2):102-110

The morphological and spectral-optical properties of diamond crystals from placers in North Timan rivers have been studied with IR-spectroscopy and cathode luminescence methods. As a result, correlation between external characteristics of diamonds (size and degree of mechanical damage) and number of optically active centers has been revealed. The habit and the type of distribution of structural defects in diamond crystals studied are comparable with those in diamonds from the Archangelsk Region and North Timan’s placers. Based on the obtained data, origin issues and possible primary sources of diamonds from North Timan’s placers are discussed.  相似文献   

云纹石斑鱼仔、稚、幼鱼的形态观察          下载免费PDF全文

刘银华  张雅芝  钟幼平  李军  谢仰杰  胡家财 《应用海洋学学报》2016,35(4):514-521

为丰富云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)的基础生物学资料,对云纹石斑鱼早期发育阶段的形态变化进行了观察,对各时期的形态特征与生态习性进行了描述,并详细记录了各时期全长、口裂、第2背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的变化.根据卵黄囊和油球的消失、鳍膜的消退、第2背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的伸缩、鳞片的生长及色素的变化把云纹石斑鱼早期发育阶段胚后发育分为仔鱼期(包括早期仔鱼和晚期仔鱼)、稚鱼期和幼鱼期.在水温26.71±1.26℃的培育条件下,仔鱼4日龄开口摄食;至6日龄,卵黄囊和油球消失,进入晚期仔鱼期;至29日龄,鳍膜消失,进入稚鱼期;至41日龄,鳞片开始长出,至59日龄,稚鱼全身覆盖鳞片,完成变态,进入早期幼鱼期.并发现在生态幅范围内提高培育水温,可以提高生长效率,加快育苗速度.  相似文献   

Observations on decadal sandbar behaviour along a large-scale curved shoreline     

R. Gijsman  B.G. Ruessink  J. Visscher  T. Schlurmann 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(2):490-503

Nearshore sandbars are characteristic features of sandy surf zones and have been observed with a variety of geometries in cross-shore (e.g. location) and longshore direction (e.g. planform). Although the behaviour of sandbars has been studied extensively on spatial scales up to kilometres and timescales up to years, it remains challenging to observe and explain their behaviour on larger spatial and temporal scales, especially in locations where coastline curvature can be prominent. In this paper, we study a data set with 38 years of coastal profiles, collected with alongshore intervals of 50 m, along the 34 km-long curved sandy shoreline of Sylt island, Germany. Sylt's shoreline has an orientation difference of ~20° between the northern and southern half of the island. We found that the decadal coastal profiles on the southern half show features of a low-tide terrace and a sandbar located further from the shoreline (~441 m). On the nothern half, the sandbar was located closer to the shoreline (~267 m) and was less pronounced, while the profiles show transverse bar and rip features. The alongshore planform also differed systematically and significantly along the two island sides. The sandbar on the southern island half, with alongshore periodicity on a larger length scale (~2240 m), was coupled out-of-phase to the shoreline, while no phase coupling was observed for the sandbar with periodicity on a shorter length scale (~670 m) on the northern half. We related the observed geometric differences of the sandbars to the difference in the local wave climate along Sylt, imposed by the shoreline shape. Our observations imply that small alongshore variations in wave climate, due to the increasing shoreline curvature on larger spatial scales, can lead to significant alongshore differences in the decadal evolution of coastal profiles, sandbars and shorelines. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd  相似文献   

The active layer in gravel-bed rivers: An empirical appraisal     

D. Vázquez-Tarrío  G. Piqué  D. Vericat  R.J. Batalla 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(2):323-343

The vertical position of the streambed–water boundary fluctuates during the course of sediment transport episodes, due to particle entrainment/deposition and bedform migration, amongst other hydraulic and bedload mechanisms. These vertical oscillations define a topmost stratum of the streambed (i.e. the ‘active layer or active depth’), which usually represents the main source of particles entrained during long and high-magnitude bedload transport episodes. The vertical extent of this layer is hence a capital parameter for the quantification of bedload volumes and a major driver of stream ecology in gravel-bed rivers. However, knowledge on how the active depth scales to flow strength and the nature of the different controls on the relation between the flow strength and the active depth is still scarce. In this paper we present a meta-analysis over active depth data coming from ~130 transport episodes extracted from a series of published field studies. We also incorporate our own field data for the rivers Ebro and Muga (unpublished), both in the Iberian Peninsula. We explore the database searching for the influence of flow strength, grain size, streambed mobility and channel morphology on the vertical extent of the active layer. A multivariate statistical analysis (stepwise multiple regression) confirms that the set of selected variables explains a significant amount of variance in the compiled variables. The analysis shows a positive scaling between active depth and flow strength. We have also identified some links between the active depth and particle travel distances. However, these relations are also largely modulated by other fluvial drivers, such as the grain size of the bed surface and the dominant channel macro-bedforms, with remarkable differences between plane-bed, step-pool and riffle-pool channels. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A morphological investigation of marine transgression in estuaries     

Ian Townend  Zeng Zhou  Leicheng Guo  Giovanni Coco 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(3):626-641

The landscape setting of estuaries varies widely and is an important aspect of determining how they evolve. This paper focusses on alluvial estuaries in river valleys and how they respond to sea level rise. We examine the implications of marine transgression, as a response to sea level rise, where the estuary moves upwards and landwards to maintain its position in the tidal frame (so-called stratigraphic rollover). Here we encapsulate such kinematic movement of the estuary morphology using a ‘morphokinematic’ model, to assess the potential response to sea level rise and sediment supply. The model of the estuary form includes a single convergent channel, intertidal and surrounding floodplains (the valley) and allows the relative importance of the space available for deposition of sediments, the accommodation space, to be investigated as a function of rates of sea level rise and sediment supply. The transgression of the system is determined using a sediment mass balance, taking account of any supply from the river and marine environment. Model results confirm that the transgression distance, measured as the distance the entity moves landward, varies in proportion to the change in accommodation space, which mainly depends on the floodplain area. As the size of the floodplain reduces, the transgression distance is less and the system becomes much more sensitive to changes in the rate of sea level rise or changes in sediment supply. The greater demand for sediment when a floodplain is present results in greater cannibalization of the estuary form (i.e. greater landward movement) to meet the sediment demand. When the floodplain is disconnected from the estuary, the synergistic relationship is lost and the accommodation space increases. The capacity for restoration will depend on the availability of sediment and the prevailing rate of sea level rise.  相似文献   

基于3D雕刻技术的岩体结构面剪切各向异性研究     

周辉  程广坦  朱勇  张春生  卢景景  张传庆  章颖辉 《岩土力学》2019,40(1):118-126

相同形貌结构面重复性剪切试验和各向异性剪切试验一直是岩体结构面剪切力学特性试验研究中的难点,而该问题对于工程岩体的开挖力学响应和稳定性分析、评价与控制至关重要,问题的关键在于同一种岩石的结构面形貌的再现。为此,基于3D扫描和3D雕刻技术,重复制备了3种不同粗糙度的大理岩结构面试样,开展了不同法向应力下相同形貌结构面的各向异性剪切试验。试验结果发现：（1）同一法向应力、不同剪切方向下,相同形貌结构面的剪切强度、剪胀和剪切破坏特征均呈现明显各向异性;（2）结构面粗糙度各向异性很大程度上决定了剪切强度的各向异性,两者具有较好的正相关性;（3）随着法向应力的升高,结构面剪切特征的各向异性有逐渐弱化的趋势。同时,研究还充分表明,3D雕刻技术是系统开展结构面剪切力学特征各向异性研究的可靠手段,可在将来研究中发挥更为重要的作用。  相似文献   

The radular morphology of Nassariidae (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda) from China     

���  ����Ƽ 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2011,29(5):1023-1032

The family Nassariidae includes a number of species that are distributed throughout the world. Each species has a characteristic shell shape, tooth shape, and behavior. However, the classification of species in this family of the Rhachiglossa is controversial. We describe the radulae of 22 species from China in detail using optical and scanning electron microscopy. These species are considered to be representatives of two subfamilies, two genera, and 10 subgenera. Our results suggest that the morphology of the central tooth and the pair of lateral teeth and the presence or absence of a pair of intermediate accessory lateral teeth could be used to distinguish among species. We found no support for the subgeneric differentiation of the species. However, the presence or absence of the intermediate lateral accessory plate was characteristic of species divisions. We noted sexual dimorphism in the shape of the teeth in some species, and considerable variability of the shape of teeth within a single species. Based on our results, the genus Nassarius cannot be split into subgenera using radula morphology.  相似文献   

基于数学形态学的位场数据边缘增强方法     

张建民  胡英飒  曾昭发  杜威  张领  槐楠  胡志鹏 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2019,49(3):845-856

位场数据边缘增强对于地质构造研究和矿床勘查具有重要意义。现有的边缘增强方法多数基于位场数据的导数构建,往往存在对噪声敏感的缺点,且处理结果中常有虚假边界的出现。本文基于数学形态学良好的形状分析和噪声压制性能,通过数学形态学基本算子的组合叠加,提出了一种新的位场数据边缘增强方法。该方法容易实现,且不需要计算位场数据的水平和垂向导数。板状体模型试验结果表明,该方法能有效地对重力异常和化极后的磁异常数据进行边缘增强。针对三维模型试验中正负异常同时存在的情况,相比以往几种方法,该方法输出的边缘更清晰且没有额外边缘的产生,并表现出更强的抗噪能力。最后将该方法和以往几种方法应用到老挝万象地区实际重力异常数据的处理中,结果显示该方法刻画出的边缘更加连续清晰;同时结合以往地质资料,推断了成矿的有利部位。  相似文献   

三种不同乳酸菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、抗病力及肠道菌群结构的影响     

李佳徽  王明阳  田相利  刘龙镇  李海东  李丽  董双林  薛玲 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2021,(4)

本研究比较了饲料中添加粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis LYB1)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus W2)和凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans NJ17)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾的生长、抗病力及肠道菌群结构的影响。以基础饲料中分别添加1.0×1010 cfu/kg浓度的3种不同乳酸菌为实验组,以基础饲料为对照组,以投喂方式养殖对虾42 d。养殖结束后,进行14 d的副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)攻毒实验。研究表明:投喂3种乳酸菌的实验组对虾的体重、特定生长率、饲料效率和表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中以添加凝结芽孢杆菌组效果最佳。攻毒实验显示,添加粪肠球菌和嗜酸乳杆菌均可显著降低对虾的累计死亡率(P<0.05)。添加乳酸菌的各实验组对虾的肠道细菌群落结构与对照组相比均发生了明显变化,其中以添加粪肠球菌组差异最大。在门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为对虾肠道优势菌群。在纲分类水平上,α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、丹毒丝菌纲(Erysipelotrichia)和黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriia)为对虾肠道优势菌群。研究结果显示,凝结芽孢杆菌NJ17对凡纳滨对虾促长效果最佳,而嗜酸乳杆菌W2对对虾抗病力提高效果最佳,3种乳酸菌均明显改善了对虾肠道微生物群落的组成和丰度。  相似文献   

北黄海海底麻坑群形态的定量研究及控制因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘晓瑜  冯秀丽  陈义兰  唐秋华  刘乐军  路波  焦鹏飞 《海洋学报》2018,40(3):36-49

本文基于高分辨率多波束水深数据和反向散射强度数据，对北黄海海底麻坑群的形态参数进行定量研究，结合水深、地形坡度和后向散射强度的变化准确界定了麻坑的轮廓，识别出圆形、椭圆形、拉长型麻坑共282个，并在ArcGIS软件中对其形态参数进行了分析计算，麻坑的平均长轴1.36 km，短轴0.78 km，直径0.94 km，面积0.88 km2，平均周长3.82 km，长宽比1.83，深度0.3~2.5 m，平均面积密集度13%，麻坑的剖面形态有麻坑边缘凹陷、中部有明显凸起（W1型），麻坑边缘凹陷、中部略凸起（W2型），麻坑中部单纯凹陷（V型），分别集中分布在麻坑群的北部、南部、西部。麻坑的平面规模大、深度小的原因与地层中形成麻坑的游离气体浓度较小有关，也可能受到了地震、海啸等外力的诱发。麻坑的长轴优势走向为ENE-WSW、NNE-SSW，底流对其形状的塑造起了较大作用，部分麻坑成串排列，形成串珠状的麻坑链，其排列方式受到海底古河道、古潟湖等沉积地层结构的控制。海底麻坑群发育区反向散射强度为-60~-71 dB，麻坑内部较麻坑外部平均高5 dB，可能为麻坑内部气体泄漏引起海底沉积物被剥蚀后残留下的粗颗粒物质或海底生物活动留下的遗迹导致的。  相似文献